Cancer's Effect on the Diet
Weight loss is a common problem of patients who undergoing cancer therapy. But weight loss as a result of cancer need not be accepted as inevitable.
Cancer's effect on diet falls into two categories: side effects of the disease and side effects of treatment.
Side Effects of the Disease:
Reduced Appetite
Sometimes decreased appetite is a problem. If appetite decreases as the day progresses, make breakfast the big meal of the day. Don't feel restricted to typical breakfast foods either. If you feel like eating a steak, baked potato and salad for breakfast, do it!
On the other hand, some people find eating five or six smaller meals a day works better than eating two or three larger meals.
Changes in Food's Flavor
Cancer often affects the taste buds. Most commonly, it reduces the ability to taste sweetness. This changes the flavor of sweets, desserts, fruits and vegetables.
Use extra sugar with many desserts to improve the taste or to provide its accustomed taste. A teaspoon of sugar added to cooking water or glazing vegetables such as carrots may help improve vegetable flavors.
Some people experience an unusual dislike for certain foods, flavors or odors. This develops when unpleasant symptoms are tied to a food recently eaten.
Save your favorite foods for times when you feel well. Try not to eat one to two hours before treatment or therapy. If you no longer enjoy beef or pork, you may find chicken, fish, eggs, milk products or legumes more appealing. Marinate meats or cook them with sauces or tomatoes to help improve the flavor.
A third potential taste change is an increased liking for tart flavors. Adding lemon juice to foods may make them taste better. A cancer patient may enjoy grapefruit, cranberry or other tart juices.
Side Effects of Treatment:
Surgery
The effects of surgery on diet vary greatly depending on the location of the tumor and the surgical procedure used. If surgery is scheduled, talk to the doctor about what side effects might develop. When a side effect does develop, the doctor or registered dietitian can assist with the diet.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy works by destroying rapidly dividing cells such as cancer cells. It also destroys normal body cells that divide rapidly, such as those in bone marrow and those that line the small intestine. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, all of which may adversely affect dietary intake. These effects will end within a few days after the chemotherapy treatment ends.
Radiation Therapy
The dietary side effects of radiation therapy depend on the location of the tumor. Therapy for a head or neck tumor often causes swallowing pain, dry mouth and altered taste. Swallowing pain may be reduced by eating soft-textured foods such as casseroles, egg products, puddings and liquids. Dry mouth can be helped by adding sauces and gravies to foods. Sucking on hard candies or using artificial saliva will help moisten the mouth.
Alteration of taste, also called "mouth blindness," seems to have a greater effect on diet than other side effects of head and neck radiation therapy. Spicy foods, strongly flavored foods, or coarsely textured fruits and vegetables are most likely to be acceptable to people with mouth blindness. Unfortunately, mouth blindness may continue for up to a year after radiation therapy is discontinued.
Radiation therapy for an abdominal or pelvic tumor often encourages nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
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